manual_NDBCluster.html

Document Actions

MySQL Reference Manual for version 5.0.3-alpha - 16 MySQL Cluster Go to the first, previous, next, last section, table of contents.

16 MySQL Cluster

MySQL Cluster uses the new NDB Cluster storage engine to enable running several MySQL servers in a cluster. The NDB Cluster storage engine is available in BitKeeper from MySQL release 4.1.2, and in binary releases from MySQL-Max 4.1.3.

Currently supported operating systems are Linux, Mac OS X, and Solaris. We are working to make NDB Cluster run on all operating systems supported by MySQL, including Windows.

This chapter represents work in progress. Other documents describing MySQL Cluster can be found at http://www.mysql.com/cluster/.

You may also wish to subscribe to the MySQL Cluster mailing list. See http://lists.mysql.com/. You may also find the MySQL forums at http://forums.mysql.com/to be useful.

16.1 MySQL Cluster Overview

MySQL Cluster is a new technology to enable clustering of in-memory databases in a share-nothing system. The share-nothing architecture allows the system to work with very inexpensive hardware, and without any specific requirements on hardware or software. It also does not have any single point of failure because each component has its own memory and disk.

MySQL Cluster integrates the standard MySQL server with an in-memory clustered storage engine called NDB. In our documentation, the term NDB refers to the part of the setup that is specific to the storage engine, whereas MySQL Cluster refers to the combination of MySQL and the new storage engine.

A MySQL Cluster consists of a set of computers, each running a number of processes including MySQL servers, storage nodes for NDB Cluster, management servers and (possibly) specialized data access programs. All these programs work together to form MySQL Cluster. When data is stored in the NDB Cluster storage engine, the tables are stored in the storage nodes for NDB Cluster. Such tables are directly accessible from all other MySQL servers in the cluster. Thus, in a payroll application storing data in a cluster, if one application updates the salary of an employee, all other MySQL servers that query this data can see the change immediately.

The data stored in the storage nodes for MySQL Cluster can be mirrored; the cluster can handle failures of individual storage nodes with no other impact than that a number of transactions are aborted due to losing the transaction state. Since transactional applications are expected to handle transaction failure, this should not be a source of problems.

By bringing MySQL Cluster to the Open Source world, MySQL makes clustered data management with high availability, high performance, and scalability available to all who need it.

16.2 Basic MySQL Cluster Concepts

NDB is an in-memory storage engine offering high-availability and data-persistence features.

The NDB storage engine can be configured with a range of failover and load-balancing options, but it is easiest to start with the storage engine at the cluster level. MySQL Cluster's NDB storage engine contains a complete set of data, dependent only on other data within the cluster itself.

We will now describe how to set up a MySQL Cluster consisting of an NDB storage engine and some MySQL servers.

The cluster portion of MySQL Cluster is currently configured independently of the MySQL servers. In a MySQL Cluster, each part of the cluster is considered to be a node.

Note: A node is in many contexts a computer, but for MySQL Cluster it is a process. There can be any number of nodes on a single computer.

Each node has a type, and there can be multiple nodes of each type in a MySQL Cluster. In a minimal MySQL Cluster configuration, there will be at least three nodes:

The management (MGM) node: The role of this type of node is to manage the other nodes within the MySQL Cluster, such as providing configuration data, starting and stopping nodes, running backup, and so forth. Because this node type manages the configuration of the other nodes, a node of this type should be started first, before any other node. With a running cluster, the MGM node does not necessarily have to be running all the time. A MGM node is started with the command ndb_mgmd; for this reason NDB_MGMD is provided as an alias for MGM when configuring the cluster.
The storage or database (DB) node: This is the type of node that manages and stores the database itself. There are as many DB nodes as you have replicas times the number of fragments. For example, with two replicas, each having two fragments, you will need four DB nodes. It is not necessary to have more than one replica, so a minimal MySQL Cluster may contain just one DB node. A DB node is started with the command ndbd, and so NDBD is provided as an alias for DB when configuring the cluster.
The client (API) node: This is the client node that will access the cluster. In the case of MySQL Cluster, a client node is a traditional MySQL server that uses the NDB Cluster storage engine, enabling access to clustered tables. Basically, the MySQL server acts as a client of the NDB cluster. Applications using the NDB API directly are also considered API nodes. Since a MySQL server is typically started with the command mysqld or mysqld_safe, MYSQLD is provided as an alias for API when configuring the cluster.

Cluster processes are also referred to as cluster nodes. Configuration of the cluster involves configuring each individual node in the cluster and setting up individual communication links between nodes. MySQL Cluster is currently designed with the intention that storage nodes are homogenous in terms of processor power, memory space, and communication bandwidth. In addition, in order to provide a single point of configuration, all configuration data for the cluster as a whole is located in one configuration file.

The management server manages the cluster configuration file and the cluster log. Each node in the cluster retrieves the configuration data from the management server, and so requires a way to determine where the management server resides. When interesting events occur in the storage nodes, the nodes transfer information about these events to the management server, which then writes the information to the cluster log.

In addition, there can be any number of clients to the cluster. These are of two types.

Standard MySQL clients: These are no different for MySQL Cluster than they are for standard (non-Cluster) MySQL. In other words, MySQL Cluster can be accessed from existing MySQL applications written in PHP, Perl, C, C++, Java, Python, Ruby, and so on.
Management clients: These clients connect to the management server and provide commands for starting and stopping nodes gracefully, starting and stopping message tracing (debug versions only), showing node versions and status, starting and stopping backups, and so on.

16.3 MySQL Cluster Configuration

A MySQL server that is part of a MySQL Cluster differs in only one respect from a normal (non-clustered) MySQL server, employing the NDBCLUSTER) storage engine. This engine is also referred to simply as NDB, and the two forms of the name are synonomous.

In order to avoid unnecessary resources allocation, the server is configured by default with the NDB storage engine disabled. To enable NDB, you will need to modify the server's `my.cnf' configuration file.

Since the MySQL server is a part of the cluster, it will also need to know how to access an MGM node in order to obtain the cluster configuration data. The default behavior is to look for the MGM node on localhost. However, should you need to specify its location elsewhere, this is can be done in `my.cnf' or on the MySQL server command line. Before the NDB storage engine can be used, at least one MGM node must be operational, as well as any desired DB nodes.

16.3.1 Building from Source Code

NDB, the Cluster storage engine, is available in binary distributions beginning with MySQL-Max 4.1.3 for Linux, Mac OS X, and Solaris. It is not yet supported on Windows, but we intend to make it available for win32 platforms in the near future.

If you choose to build from a source tarball or the MySQL 4.1 BitKeeper tree, be sure to use the --with-ndbcluster option when running configure. You can instead use the BUILD/compile-pentium-max build script. Note that this script includes OpenSSL, so you must have or obtain OpenSSL to build successfully; otherwise you will need to modify compile-pentium-max to exclude this requirement. Of course, you can also just follow the standard instructions for compiling your own binaries, then perform the usual tests and installation procedure. See section 2.8.3 Installing from the Development Source Tree.

16.3.2 Installing the Software

In the next few sections, we assume that you are already familiar with installing MySQL, and here we cover only the differences between configuring MySQL Cluster and configuring MySQL without clustering. (See section 2 Installing MySQL if you require more information about the latter.)

You will find Cluster configuration easiest if you have already have all MGM and DB nodes running first; this is likely to be the most time-consuming part of the configuration. Editing the `my.cnf' file is fairly straightforward, and this section will cover only any differences from configuring MySQL without clustering.

16.3.3 Quick Test Setup of MySQL Cluster

In order to familiarise you with the basics, we will describe the simplest possible configuration for a functional MySQL Cluster. After this, you should be able to design your desired setup from the information provided in the other relevant sections of this chapter.

First, you need to create a configuration directory, for example `/var/lib/mysql-cluster', by executing the following command as root:

shell> mkdir /var/lib/mysql-cluster

In this directory, create a file named `config.ini' with the following information, substituting appropriate values for HostName and DataDir as necessary for your system.

# file "config.ini" - showing minimal setup consisting of 1 DB node,
# 1 management server, and 3 MySQL servers.
# The empty default sections are not required, and are shown only for 
# the sake of completeness.
# Storage nodes are required to provide a hostname but MySQL Servers 
# are not.
# If you don't know the hostname for your machine, use localhost.
# The DataDir parameter also has a default value, but it is recommended to
# set it explicitly.
# NDBD, MYSQLD, and NDB_MGMD are aliases for DB, API, and MGM respectively
#
[NDBD DEFAULT]
NoOfReplicas= 1

[MYSQLD DEFAULT]
[NDB_MGMD DEFAULT]
[TCP DEFAULT]

[NDB_MGMD]
HostName= myhost.example.com 

[NDBD]
HostName= myhost.example.com 
DataDir= /var/lib/mysql-cluster

[MYSQLD]
[MYSQLD]
[MYSQLD]

You can now start the management server as follows:

shell> cd /var/lib/mysql-cluster
shell> ndb_mgmd

Then start a single DB node by running ndbd. When starting ndbd for a given DB node for the very first time, you should use the --initial option:

shell> ndbd --initial

For subsequent ndbd starts, you will generally not want to use --initial:

shell> ndbd

This is because the --initial option will delete all existing data and log files (as well as all table metadata) for this storage node and create new ones.

By default, ndbd will look for the management server at localhost at port 1186. (Prior to MySQL 4.1.8, the default port was 2200.)

Note: If you have installed MySQL from a binary tarball, you will need to specify the path of the ndb_mgmd and ndbd servers explicitly. (Normally, these will be found in `/usr/local/mysql/bin'.)

Finally, go to the MySQL data directory (usually `/var/lib/mysql' or `/usr/local/mysql/data'), and make sure that the `my.cnf' file contains the option necessary to enable the NDB storage engine:

[mysqld]
ndbcluster

You can now start the MySQL server as usual:

shell> mysqld_safe --user=mysql &

Wait a moment to make sure the MySQL server is running properly. If you see the notice mysql ended, check the server's `.err' file to find out what went wrong. If all has gone well so far, you now can start using the cluster:

shell> mysql
Welcome to the MySQL monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 1 to server version: 4.1.7

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the buffer.

mysql> SHOW ENGINES;
+------------+---------+------------------------------------------------------------+
| Engine     | Support | Comment                                                    |
+------------+---------+------------------------------------------------------------+
...
| NDBCLUSTER | DEFAULT | Clustered, fault-tolerant, memory-based tables             |
| NDB        | YES     | Alias for NDBCLUSTER                                       |
...

mysql> USE test;
Database changed

mysql> CREATE TABLE ctest (i INT) ENGINE=NDBCLUSTER;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.09 sec)

mysql> SHOW CREATE TABLE ctest \G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
       Table: ctest
Create Table: CREATE TABLE `ctest` (
  `i` int(11) default NULL
) ENGINE=ndbcluster DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

To check that your nodes were set up properly, start the management client as shown:

shell> ndb_mgm

You can then use the SHOW command from within the management client in order to obtain a report on the cluster's status:

NDB> SHOW
Cluster Configuration
---------------------
[ndbd(NDB)]     1 node(s)
id=2    @127.0.0.1  (Version: 3.5.3, Nodegroup: 0, Master)

[ndb_mgmd(MGM)] 1 node(s)
id=1    @127.0.0.1  (Version: 3.5.3)

[mysqld(API)]   3 node(s)
id=3    @127.0.0.1  (Version: 3.5.3)
id=4 (not connected, accepting connect from any host)
id=5 (not connected, accepting connect from any host)

At this point, you have successfully set up a working MySQL Cluster. You can now store data in the cluster by using any table created with ENGINE=NDBCLUSTER or its alias ENGINE=NDB.

16.3.4 Configuration File

Configuring MySQL Cluster requires working with two files:

`my.cnf': Specifies options for all MySQL Cluster executables. This file, with which you should be familiar with from previous work with MySQL, must be accessible by each executable running in the cluster.
`config.ini': This file is read only by the MySQL Cluster management server, which then distributes the information contained in this file to all processes participating in the cluster. `config.ini' contains a description of each node involved in the cluster. This includes configuration parameters for storage nodes and configuration parameters for connections between all nodes in the cluster.

We are continuously making improvements in Cluster configuration and attempting to simplify this process. While we strive to maintain backwards compatibility, there may be times when introduce an incompatible change. In such cases we will try to let Cluster users know in advance if a change is not backwards compatible. If you find such a change which we have not documented, please use our Bugs Database to report it.

16.3.4.1 Example Configuration for a MySQL Cluster

In order to support MySQL Cluster, you will need to update `my.cnf' as shown in the example below.

From version 4.1.8 some simplifications in `my.cnf' were made, including new sections for the ndbcluster executables. However, these should not be confused with those occurring in `config.ini' files. As always, you may specify these parameters when invoking those executables from the command line.

# my.cnf
# example additions to my.cnf for MySQL Cluster 
# (valid from 4.1.8)

# enable ndbcluster storage engine, and provide connectstring for 
# management server host (default port is 1186) 
[mysqld]
ndbcluster
ndb-connectstring=ndb_mgmd.mysql.com

# provide connectstring for management server host (default port: 1186)
[ndbd]
connect-string=ndb_mgmd.mysql.com

# provide connectstring for management server host (default port: 1186)
[ndb_mgm]
connect-string=ndb_mgmd.mysql.com

# provide location of cluster configuration file
[ndb_mgmd]
config-file=/etc/config.ini

(For more information on connectstrings, see section 16.3.4.2 The MySQL Cluster connectstring.)

# my.cnf
# example additions to my.cnf for MySQL Cluster
# (will work on all versions)

# enable ndbcluster storage engine, and provide connectstring for management 
# server host to the default port 2200
[mysqld]
ndbcluster
ndb-connectstring=ndb_mgmd.mysql.com:2200

Also starting with MySQL 4.1.8, the `my.cnf' file supports a separate [mysql_cluster] section for settings to be read by and affecting all executables in the cluster:

# cluster-specific settings
[mysql_cluster]
ndb-connectstring=ndb_mgmd.mysql.com:2200

Currently the configuration file is in INI format, and is named `config.ini' by default. It is read by ndb_mgmd at startup and it can be placed anywhere. Its location and name are specified by using --config-file=[<path>]<filename> on the command line with ndb_mgmd. If the configuration file is not specified, ndb_mgmd will by default try to read a `config.ini' located in the current working directory.

Default values are defined for most parameters, and can also be specified in `config.ini'. To create a default value section, simply add the word DEFAULT to the section name. For example, DB nodes are configured using [DB] sections. If all DB nodes use the same data memory size, and this is not the same as the default size, create a [DB DEFAULT] section containing a DataMemory line to specify the default data memory size for all DB nodes.

The INI format consists of sections preceded by section headings (surrounded by square brackets), followed by the appropriate parameter names and values. One deviation from the standard format is that the parameter name and value can be separated by a colon (`:') as well as the equals sign (`='); another is that sections are not uniquely identified by name. Instead, unique entries (such as two different nodes of the same type) are identified by a unique ID.

At a minimum, the configuration file must define the computers and nodes involved in the cluster and on which computers these nodes are located. An example of a simple configuration file for a cluster consisting of one management server, two storage nodes and two MySQL servers is shown below:

# file "config.ini" - 2 DB nodes and 2 mysqld
# This file is placed in the startup directory of ndb_mgmd,
# i.e., the management server.
# The first MySQL Server can be started from any host and the second
# can only be started at the host mysqld_5.mysql.com
# NDBD, MYSQLD, and NDB_MGMD are aliases for DB, API, and MGM respectively
#

[NDBD DEFAULT]
NoOfReplicas= 2
DataDir= /var/lib/mysql-cluster

[NDB_MGMD]
Hostname= ndb_mgmd.mysql.com
DataDir= /var/lib/mysql-cluster

[NDBD]
HostName= ndbd_2.mysql.com

[NDBD]
HostName= ndbd_3.mysql.com

[MYSQLD]
[MYSQLD]
HostName= mysqld_5.mysql.com

There are six different sections in this configuration file:

[COMPUTER]: Defines the computers in the cluster.
[DB|NDBD]: Defines the cluster's storage nodes.
[API|MYSQLD]: Defines the cluster's MySQL server nodes.
[MGM|NDB_MGMD]: Defines the management server node in the cluster.
[TCP]: Defines TCP/IP connections between nodes in the cluster, with TCP/IP being the default connection protocol.
[SHM]: Defines shared-memory connections between nodes. This type of connection is available only in binaries that have been built with --with-ndb-shm.

Note that each node has its own section in the `config.ini'. For instance, since this cluster has two storage nodes, the configuration file contains two sections defining these nodes. (In the example above, these sections are labelled with [NDBD], but either or both of them could have been labelled with [DB] instead.)

One can define DEFAULT values for each section. As of MySQL 4.1.5, all parameter names are case insensitive.

16.3.4.2 The MySQL Cluster `connectstring`

With the exception of the MySQL Cluster management server (ndb_mgmd), each node making up a MySQL Cluster requires a connectstring which points to the management server's location. This is used in establishing a connection to the management server as well as in performing other tasks depending on the node's role in the cluster. The syntax for a connectstring is as follows:

<connectstring> := [<nodeid-specification>,]<host-specification>[,<host-specification>]
<nodeid-specification> := nodeid=<id>
<host-specification> := <host>[:<port>]
<id> is an integer larger than 1 identifying a node in config.ini
<port> is an integer referring to a regular unix port
<host> is a string which is a valid Internet host address

example 1 (long):    "nodeid=2,myhost1:1100,myhost2:1100,192.168.0.3:1200"
example 2 (short):   "myhost1"

All nodes will use localhost:1186 as the default connectstring value if none is provided. If <port> is omitted from the connectstring, the default port is 1186. (Note: Prior to MySQL 4.1.8, the default port was 2200.) This port should always be available on the network, since it has been assigned by IANA for this purpose (see http://www.iana.org/assignments/port-numbers for details).

By listing multiple <host-specification> values, it is possible to designate several redundant management servers. A cluster node will attempt to contact succesive management servers on each host in the order specified, until a successful connection has been established.

There are a number of different ways to specify the connectstring:

Each executable has its own command line option which enables specifying the management server at startup. (See the documentation for the respective executable.)
Beginning with MySQL 4.1.8, it is also possible to set the connectstring to be used by all nodes in the cluster by placing it in a [mysql-cluster] section in the management server's `my.cnf' file.
For backwards compatibility, two other options are available, using the same syntax:
1. Set the NDB_CONNECTSTRING environment variable to contain the connectstring.
2. Write the connectstring for each executable into a text file named `Ndb.cfg' and place this file in the executable's startup directory.

The recommended method for specifying the connectstring is to set it on the command line or `my.cnf' fiel for each executable.

16.3.4.3 Defining the Computers Making up a MySQL Cluster

The [COMPUTER] section has no real significance other than serving as a way to avoid the need of defining host names for each node in the system. All parameters mentioned here are required.

[COMPUTER]Id: This is an internal identity in the configuration file. Later on in the file one refers to this computer by the ID. It is an integer.
[COMPUTER]HostName: This is the host name of the computer. It is also possible to use an IP address rather than the host name.

16.3.4.4 Defining the MySQL Cluster Management Server

The [MGM] section (or its alias [NDB_MGMD]) is used to configure the behavior of the management server. Either the ExecuteOnComputer or HostName parameter must be present. All other parameters can be omitted and if so will assume their default values.

[MGM]Id

Each node in the cluster has a unique identity represented by an integer value between 1 and 63 inclusive. This ID is used for addressing the node by all internal cluster messages.

[MGM]ExecuteOnComputer

This refers to one of the computers defined in the [COMPUTER] section.

[MGM]PortNumber

This is the port number on which the management server listens for configuration requests and management commands.

[MGM]LogDestination

This parameter specifies where to send cluster logging information. There are three options in this regard: CONSOLE, SYSLOG, and FILE.

CONSOLE outputs the log to stdout:
```
CONSOLE
```
SYSLOG sends the log to a syslog facility, possible values being one of auth, authpriv, cron, daemon, ftp, kern, lpr, mail, news, syslog, user, uucp, local0, local1, local2, local3, local4, local5, local6, or local7. (Note: Not every facility is necessarily supported by every operating system.)
```
SYSLOG:facility=syslog
```
FILE pipes the cluster log ouput to a regular file on the same machine. The following values can be specified:
- filename: The name of the logfile.
- maxsize: The maximum size to which the file can grow before logging rolls over to a new file. When this occurs, the old logfile is renamed by appending `.x' to the filename, where x is the next number not yet used with this name.
- maxfiles: The maximum number of logfiles.
```
FILE:filename=cluster.log,maxsize=1000000,maxfiles=6
```
It is possible to specify multiple log destinations as shown here, using a semicolon-delimited string:
```
CONSOLE;SYSLOG:facility=local0;FILE:filename=/var/log/mgmd
```
The default value for the FILE parameter is FILE:filename=ndb_<id>_cluster.log,maxsize=1000000,maxfiles=6, where <id> is the ID of the node.

[MGM]ArbitrationRank

This parameter is used to define which nodes can act as arbitrators. Only MGM nodes and API nodes can be arbitrators and can take one of the following values:

0: The node will never be used as an arbitrator.
1: The node has high priority; that is, it will be preferred as an arbitrator over low-priority nodes.
2: Indicates a low-priority node which be used as an arbtrator only if a node with a higher priority is not available for that purpose.

Normally, the management server should be configured as arbitrator by setting its ArbitrationRank to 1 (the default) and that of all API or server nodes to 0.

[MGM]ArbitrationDelay

An integer value which causes the management server's responses to arbitration requests to be delayed by that number of milliseconds. By default, this value is 0; it is normally not necessary to change it.

[MGM]DataDir

This sets the directory where output files from the management server will be placed. These files include cluster log files, process output files, and the daemon's pid file. (For log files, this can be overridden by setting the FILE parameter for [MGM]LogDestination as discussed previously in this section.)

16.3.4.5 Defining MySQL Cluster Storage Nodes

The [DB] section (or its alias [NDBD]) is used to configure the behavior of the storage nodes. There are many parameters specified that controls the buffer sizes, pool sizes, timeout parameters and so forth. The only mandatory parameter is either ExecuteOnComputer or HostName and the parameter NoOfReplicas which need to be defined in the [DB DEFAULT] section. Most parameters should be set in the [DB DEFAULT] section. Only parameters explicitly stated as possible to have local values are allowed to be changed in the [DB] section. HostName, Id and ExecuteOnComputer needs to be defined in the local [DB] section.

The Id value (that is, the identification of the storage node) can now be allocated when the node is started. It is still possible to assign a node ID in the configuration file.

For each parameter it is possible to use k, M, or G as a suffix to indicate units of 1024, 1024*1024, or 1024*1024*1024. For example, 100k means 102400. Parameters and values are currently case sensitive.

[DB]Id: This identity is the node ID used as the address of the node in all cluster internal messages. This is an integer between 1 and 63. Each node in the cluster has a unique identity.
[DB]ExecuteOnComputer: This is referring to one of the computers defined in the computer section.
[DB]HostName: This parameter is similar to specifying a computer to execute on. It defines the host name of the computer the storage node is to reside on. Either this parameter or ExecuteOnComputer is required.
[DB]ServerPort: Each node in the cluster will use one port as the port other nodes use to connect the transporters to each other. This port is used also for non-TCP transporters in the connection setup phase. The default port will be calculated to ensure that no nodes on the same computer receive the same port number.
[DB]NoOfReplicas: This parameter can be set only in the [DB DEFAULT] section because it is a global parameter. It defines the number of replicas for each table stored in the cluster. This parameter also specifies the size of node groups. A node group is a set of nodes that all store the same information. Node groups are formed implicitly. The first node group is formed by the storage nodes with the lowest node identities. And the next by the next lowest node identities. As an example presume we have 4 storage nodes and NoOfReplicas is set to 2. The four storage nodes have node IDs 2, 3, 4 and 5. Then the first node group will be formed by node 2 and node 3. The second node group will be formed by node 4 and node 5. It is important to configure the cluster in such a manner such that nodes in the same node groups are not placed on the same computer. This would cause a single HW failure to cause a cluster crash. If no node identities are provided then the order of the storage nodes will be the determining factor for the node group. The actual node group assigned will be printed by the SHOW command in the management client. There is no default value and the maximum number is 4.
[DB]DataDir: This parameter specifies the directory where trace files, log files, pid files and error logs are placed.
[DB]FileSystemPath: This parameter specifies the directory where all files created for metadata, REDO logs, UNDO logs and data files are placed. The default value is to use the same directory as the DataDir. The directory must be created before starting the ndbd process. If you use the recommended directory hierarchy, you will use a directory `/var/lib/mysql-cluster'. Under this directory a directory `ndb_2_fs' will be created (if node ID was 2) which will be the file system for that node.
[DB]BackupDataDir: It is possible also to specify the directory where backups will be placed. By default, the directory FileSystemPath/`BACKUP' will be choosen.

DataMemory and IndexMemory are the parameters that specify the size of memory segments used to store the actual records and their indexes. It is important to understand how DataMemory and IndexMemory are used to understand how to set these parameters. For most uses, they need to be updated to reflect the usage of the cluster.

[DB]DataMemory

This parameter is one of the most important parameters because it defines the space available to store the actual records in the database. The entire DataMemory will be allocated in memory so it is important that the machine contains enough memory to handle the DataMemory size. The DataMemory is used to store two things. It stores the actual records. Each record is currently of fixed size. So VARCHAR columns are stored as fixed size columns. There is an overhead on each record of 16 bytes normally. Additionally each record is stored in a 32KB page with 128 byte page overhead. There will also be a small amount of waste for each page because records are only stored in one page. The maximum record size for the columns currently is 8052 bytes. The DataMemory is also used to store ordered indexes. Ordered indexes uses about 10 bytes per record. Each record in the table is always represented in the ordered index. The DataMemory consists of 32KB pages. These pages are allocated to partitions of the tables. Each table is normally partitioned with the same number of partitions as there are storage nodes in the cluster. Thus for each node there are the same number of partitions (=fragments) as the NoOfReplicas is set to. Once a page has been allocated to a partition it is currently not possible to bring it back to the pool of free pages. The method to restore pages to the pool is by deleting the table. Performing a node recovery also will compress the partition because all records are inserted into an empty partition from another live node. Another important aspect is that the DataMemory also contains UNDO information for records. For each update of a record a copy record is allocated in the DataMemory. Also each copy record will also have an instance in the ordered indexes of the table. Unique hash indexes are updated only when the unique index columns are updated and in that case a new entry in the index table is inserted and at commit the old entry is deleted. Thus it is necessary also to allocate memory to be able to handle the largest transactions which are performed in the cluster. Performing large transactions has no advantage in MySQL Cluster other than the consistency of using transactions which is the whole idea of transactions. It is not faster and consumes large amounts of memory. The default DataMemory size is 80MB. The minimum size is 1MB. There is no maximum size, but in reality the maximum size has to be adapted so that the process doesn't start swapping when using the maximum size of the memory.

[DB]IndexMemory

The IndexMemory is the parameter that controls the amount of storage used for hash indexes in MySQL Cluster. Hash indexes are always used for primary key indexes, unique indexes, and unique constraints. Actually when defining a primary key and a unique index there will be two indexes created in MySQL Cluster. One index is a hash index which is used for all tuple accesses and also for lock handling. It is also used to ensure unique constraints. The size of the hash index is 25 bytes plus the size of the primary key. For primary keys larger than 32 bytes another 8 bytes is added for some internal references. Thus for a table defined as

CREATE TABLE example
(
    a INT NOT NULL,
    b INT NOT NULL,
    c INT NOT NULL,
    PRIMARY KEY(a),
    UNIQUE(b)
) ENGINE=NDBCLUSTER;

We will have 12 bytes overhead (having no nullable columns saves 4 bytes of overhead) plus 12 bytes of data per record. In addition we will have two ordered indexes on a and b consuming about 10 bytes each per record. We will also have a primary key hash index in the base table with roughly 29 bytes per record. The unique constraint is implemented by a separate table with b as primary key and a as a column. This table will consume another 29 bytes of index memory per record in the table and also 12 bytes of overhead plus 8 bytes of data in the record part. Thus for one million records, we will need 58MB of index memory to handle the hash indexes for the primary key and the unique constraint. For the DataMemory part we will need 64MB of memory to handle the records of the base table and the unique index table plus the two ordered index tables. The conclusion is that hash indexes takes up a fair amount of memory space but in return they provide very fast access to the data. They are also used in MySQL Cluster to handle uniqueness constraints. Currently the only partitioning algorithm is hashing and the ordered indexes are local to each node and can thus not be used to handle uniqueness constraints in the general case. An important point for both IndexMemory and DataMemory is that the total database size is the sum of all DataMemory and IndexMemory in each node group. Each node group is used to store replicated information, so if there are four nodes with 2 replicas there will be two node groups and thus the total DataMemory available is 2*DataMemory in each of the nodes. Another important point is about changes of DataMemory and IndexMemory. First of all, it is highly recommended to have the same amount of DataMemory and IndexMemory in all nodes. Since data is distributed evenly over all nodes in the cluster the size available is no better than the smallest sized node in the cluster times the number of node groups. DataMemory and IndexMemory can be changed, but it is dangerous to decrease them because that can easily lead to a node that will not be able to restart or even a cluster not being able to restart since there is not enough memory space for the tables needed to restore into the starting node. Increasing them should be quite okay, but it is recommended that such upgrades are performed in the same manner as a software upgrade where first the configuration file is updated, then the management server is restarted and then one storage node at a time is restarted by command. More IndexMemory is not used due to updates but inserts are inserted immediately and deletes are not deleted until the transaction is committed. The default IndexMemory size is 18MB. The minimum size is 1MB.

The next three parameters are important because they affect the number of parallel transactions and the sizes of transactions that can be handled by the system. MaxNoOfConcurrentTransactions sets the number of parallel transactions possible in a node and MaxNoOfConcurrentOperations sets the number of records that can be in update phase or locked simultaneously.

Both of these parameters and particularly MaxNoOfConcurrentOperations are likely targets for users setting specific values and not using the default value. The default value is set for systems using small transactions and to ensure not using too much memory in the default case.

[DB]MaxNoOfConcurrentTransactions: For each active transaction in the cluster there needs to be also a transaction record in one of the nodes in the cluster. The role of transaction coordination is spread among the nodes and thus the total number of transactions records in the cluster is the amount in one times the number of nodes in the cluster. Actually transaction records are allocated to MySQL servers, normally there is at least one transaction record allocated in the cluster per connection that uses or have used a table in the cluster. Thus one should ensure that there is more transaction records in the cluster than there are concurrent connections to all MySQL servers in the cluster. This parameter has to be the same in all nodes in the cluster. Changing this parameter is never safe and can cause a cluster crash. When a node crashes one of the node (actually the oldest surviving node) will build up the transaction state of all transactions ongoing in the crashed node at the time of the crash. It is thus important that this node has as many transaction records as the failed node. The default value for this parameter is 4096.
[DB]MaxNoOfConcurrentOperations: This parameter is likely to be subject for change by users. Users performing only short, small transactions don't need to set this parameter very high. Applications desiring to be able to perform rather large transactions involving many records need to set this parameter higher. For each transaction that updates data in the cluster it is required to have operation records. There are operation records both in the transaction coordinator and in the nodes where the actual updates are performed. The operation records contain state information needed to be able to find UNDO records for rollback, lock queues, and much other state information. To dimension the cluster to handle transactions where one million records are updated simultaneously one should set this parameter to one million divided by the number of nodes. Thus for a cluster with four storage nodes one should set this parameter to 250000. Also read queries which set locks use up operation records. Some extra space is allocated in the local nodes to cater for cases where the distribution is not perfect over the nodes. When queries translate into using the unique hash index there will actually be two operation records used per record in the transaction. The first one represents the read in the index table and the second handles the operation on the base table. The default value for this parameter is 32768. This parameter actually handles two parts that can be configured separately. The first part specifies how many operation records are to be placed in the transaction coordinator part. The second part specifies how many operation records that are to be used in the local database part. If a very big transaction is performed on a 8-node cluster then this will need as many operation records in the transaction coordinator as there are reads, updates, deletes involved in the transaction. The transaction will however spread the operation records of the actual reads, updates, and inserts over all eight nodes. Thus if it is necessary to configure the system for one very big transaction then it is a good idea to configure those separately. MaxNoOfConcurrentOperations will always be used to calculate the number of operation records in the transaction coordinator part of the node. It is also important to have an idea of the memory requirements for those operation records. In MySQL 4.1.5, operation records consume about 1KB per record. This figure will shrink in future 5.x versions.
[DB]MaxNoOfLocalOperations: By default this parameter is calculated as 1.1 * MaxNoOfConcurrentOperations which fits systems with many simultaneous, not very large transactions. If the configuration needs to handle one very large transaction at a time and there are many nodes then it is a good idea to configure this separately.

The next set of parameters are used for temporary storage in the midst of executing a part of a query in the cluster. All of these records will have been released when the query part is completed and is waiting for the commit or rollback.

Most of the defaults for these parameters will be okay for most users. Some high-end users might want to increase those to enable more parallelism in the system and some low-end users might want to decrease them to save memory.

[DB]MaxNoOfConcurrentIndexOperations: For queries using a unique hash index another set of operation records are temporarily used in the execution phase of the query. This parameter sets the size of this pool. Thus this record is only allocated while executing a part of a query, as soon as this part has been executed the record is released. The state needed to handle aborts and commits is handled by the normal operation records where the pool size is set by the parameter MaxNoOfConcurrentOperations. The default value of this parameter is 8192. Only in rare cases of extremely high parallelism using unique hash indexes should this parameter be necessary to increase. To decrease could be performed for memory savings if the DBA is certain that such high parallelism is not occurring in the cluster.
[DB]MaxNoOfFiredTriggers: The default value of MaxNoOfFiredTriggers is 4000. Normally this value should be sufficient for most systems. In some cases it could be decreased if the DBA feels certain the parallelism in the cluster is not so high. This record is used when an operation is performed that affects a unique hash index. Updating a column that is part of a unique hash index or inserting/deleting a record in a table with unique hash indexes will fire an insert or delete in the index table. This record is used to represent this index table operation while its waiting for the original operation that fired it to complete. Thus it is short lived but can still need a fair amount of records in its pool for temporary situations with many parallel write operations on a base table containing a set of unique hash indexes.
[DB]TransactionBufferMemory: This parameter is also used for keeping fired operations to update index tables. This part keeps the key and column information for the fired operations. It should be very rare that this parameter needs to be updated. Also normal read and write operations use a similar buffer. This buffer is even more short term in its usage so this is a compile time parameter set to 4000*128 bytes (500KB). The parameter is ZATTRBUF_FILESIZE in Dbtc.hpp. A similar buffer for key info exists which contains 4000*16 bytes, 62.5KB of buffer space. The parameter in this case is ZDATABUF_FILESIZE in Dbtc.hpp. Dbtc is the module for handling the transaction coordination. Similar parameters exist in the Dblqh module taking care of the reads and updates where the data is located. In `Dblqh.hpp' with ZATTRINBUF_FILESIZE set to 10000*128 bytes (1250KB) and ZDATABUF_FILE_SIZE, set to 10000*16 bytes (roughly 156KB) of buffer space. No known instances of that any of those compile time limits haven't been big enough has been reported so far or discovered by any of our extensive test suites. The default size of the TransactionBufferMemory is 1MB.
[DB]MaxNoOfConcurrentScans: This parameter is used to control the amount of parallel scans that can be performed in the cluster. Each transaction coordinator can handle the amount of parallel scans defined by this parameter. Each scan query is performed by scanning all partitions in parallel. Each partition scan will use a scan record in the node where the partition is located. The number of those records is the size of this parameter times the number of nodes so that the cluster should be able to sustain maximum number of scans in parallel from all nodes in the cluster. Scans are performed in two cases. The first case is when no hash or ordered indexes exists to handle the query. In this case the query is executed by performing a full table scan. The second case is when there is no hash index to support the query but there is an ordered index. Using the ordered index means executing a parallel range scan. Since the order is only kept on the local partitions it is necessary to perform the index scan on all partitions. The default value of MaxNoOfConcurrentScans is 256. The maximum value is 500. This parameter will always specify the number of scans possible in the transaction coordinator. If the number of local scan records is not provided it is calculated as the product of MaxNoOfConcurrentScans and the number of storage nodes in the system.
[DB]MaxNoOfLocalScans: Possible to specify the number of local scan records if many scans are not fully parallelized.
[DB]BatchSizePerLocalScan: This parameter is used to calculate the number of lock records which needs to be there to handle many concurrent scan operations. The default value is 64 and this value has a strong connection to the ScanBatchSize defined in the API nodes.
[DB]LongMessageBuffer: This is an internal buffer used for message passing internally in the node and for messages between nodes in the system. It is highly unlikely that anybody would need to change this parameter but for configurability it is now configurable. By default it is set to 1MB.

[DB]NoOfFragmentLogFiles: This is an important parameter that states the size of the REDO log files in the node. REDO log files are organized in a ring such that it is important that the tail and the head doesn't meet. When the tail and head have come to close the each other the node will start aborting all updating transactions because there is no room for the log records. REDO log records aren't removed until three local checkpoints have completed since the log record was inserted. The speed of checkpoint is controlled by a set of other parameters so these parameters are all glued together. The default parameter value is 8, which means 8 sets of 4 16MB files. Thus in total 512MB. Thus the unit is 64MB of REDO log space. In high update scenarios this parameter needs to be set very high. Test cases where it has been necessary to set it to over 300 have been performed. If the checkpointing is slow and there are so many writes to the database that the log files are full and the log tail cannot be cut for recovery reasons then all updating transactions will be aborted with internal error code 410 which will be translated to Out of log file space temporarily. This condition will prevail until a checkpoint has completed and the log tail can be moved forward.
[DB]MaxNoOfSavedMessages: This parameter sets the maximum number of trace files that will be kept before overwriting old trace files. Trace files are generated when the node crashes for some reason. The default is 25 trace files.

The next set of parameters defines the pool sizes for metadata objects. It is necessary to define the maximum number of attributes, tables, indexes, and trigger objects used by indexes, events and replication between clusters.

[DB]MaxNoOfAttributes: This parameter defines the number of attributes that can be defined in the cluster. The default value of this parameter is 1000. The minimum value is 32 and there is no maximum. Each attribute consumes around 200 bytes of storage in each node because metadata is fully replicated in the servers.
[DB]MaxNoOfTables: A table object is allocated for each table, for each unique hash index, and for each ordered index. This parameter sets the maximum number of table objects in the cluster. For each attribute that has a BLOB data type an extra table is used to store most of the BLOB data. These tables also must be taken into account when defining the number of tables. The default value of this parameter is 128. The minimum is 8 and the maximum is 1600. Each table object consumes around 20KB in each node.
[DB]MaxNoOfOrderedIndexes: For each ordered index in the cluster, objects are allocated to describe what it is indexing and its storage parts. By default each index defined will have an ordered index also defined. Unique indexes and primary key indexes have both an ordered index and a hash index. The default value of this parameter is 128. Each object consumes around 10KB of data per node.
[DB]MaxNoOfUniqueHashIndexes: For each unique index (not for primary keys) a special table is allocated that maps the unique key to the primary key of the indexed table. By default there will be an ordered index also defined for each unique index. To avoid this, you must use the USING HASH option in the unique index definition. The default value is 64. Each index will consume around 15KB per node.
[DB]MaxNoOfTriggers: For each unique hash index an internal update, insert and delete trigger is allocated. Thus three triggers per unique hash index. Ordered indexes use only one trigger object. Backups also use three trigger objects for each normal table in the cluster. When replication between clusters is supported it will also use internal triggers. This parameter sets the maximum number of trigger objects in the cluster. The default value of this parameter is 768.
[DB]MaxNoOfIndexes: This parameter was deprecated in MySQL 4.1.5. Now you should use MaxNoOfOrderedIndexes and MaxNoOfUniqueHashIndexes instead. This parameter is only used by unique hash indexes. There needs to be one record in this pool for each unique hash index defined in the cluster. The default value of this parameter is 128.

There is a set of boolean parameters affecting the behavior of storage nodes. Boolean parameters can be specified to true by setting it to Y or 1 and to false by setting it to N or 0.

[DB]LockPagesInMainMemory: For a number of operating systems such as Solaris and Linux it is possible to lock a process into memory and avoid all swapping problems. This is an important feature to provide real-time characteristics of the cluster. The default is that this feature is not enabled.
[DB]StopOnError: This parameter states whether the process is to exit on error condition or whether it is perform an automatic restart. The default is that this feature is enabled.
[DB]Diskless: In the internal interfaces it is possible to set tables as diskless tables meaning that the tables are not checkpointed to disk and no logging occur. They only exist in main memory. The tables will still exist after a crash but not the records in the table. This feature makes the entire cluster Diskless, in this case even the tables doesn't exist anymore after a crash. Enabling this feature can be done by either setting it to Y or 1. When this feature is enabled, backups will be performed but will not be stored because there is no "disk". In future releases it is likely to make the backup diskless a separate configurable parameter. The default is that this feature is not enabled.
[DB]RestartOnErrorInsert: This feature is only accessible when building the debug version where it is possible to insert errors in the execution of various code parts to test failure cases. The default is that this feature is not enabled.

There are quite a few parameters specifying timeouts and time intervals between various actions in the storage nodes. Most of the timeouts are specified in milliseconds with a few exceptions which will be mentioned below.

[DB]TimeBetweenWatchDogCheck: To ensure that the main thread doesn't get stuck in an eternal loop somewhere there is a watch dog thread which checks the main thread. This parameter states the number of milliseconds between each check. After three checks and still being in the same state the process is stopped by the watch dog thread. This parameter can easily be changed and can be different in the nodes although there seems to be little reason for such a difference. The default timeout is 4000 milliseconds (4 seconds).
[DB]StartPartialTimeout: This parameter specifies the time that the cluster will wait for all storage nodes to come up before the algorithm to start the cluster is invocated. This time out is used to avoid starting only a partial cluster if possible. The default value is 30000 milliseconds (30 seconds). 0 means eternal time out. Thus only start if all nodes are available.
[DB]StartPartitionedTimeout: If the cluster is ready start after waiting StartPartialTimeout but is still in a possibly partitioned state one waits until also this timeout has passed. The default timeout is 60000 milliseconds (60 seconds).
[DB]StartFailureTimeout: If the start is not completed within the time specified by this parameter the node start will fail. Setting this parameter to 0 means no time out is applied on the time to start the cluster. The default value is 60000 milliseconds (60 seconds). For storage nodes containing large data sets this parameter needs to be increased because it could very well take 10-15 minutes to perform a node restart of a storage node with a few gigabytes of data.
[DB]HeartbeatIntervalDbDb: One of the main methods of discovering failed nodes is by heartbeats. This parameter states how often heartbeat signals are sent and how often to expect to receive them. After missing three heartbeat intervals in a row, the node is declared dead. Thus the maximum time of discovering a failure through the heartbeat mechanism is four times the heartbeat interval. The default heartbeat interval is 1500 milliseconds (1.5 seconds). This parameter must not be changed drastically. If one node uses 5000 milliseconds and the node watching it uses 1000 milliseconds then obviously the node will be declared dead very quickly. So this parameter can be changed in small steps during an online software upgrade but not in large steps.
[DB]HeartbeatIntervalDbApi: In a similar manner each storage node sends heartbeats to each of the connected MySQL servers to ensure that they behave properly. If a MySQL server doesn't send a heartbeat in time (same algorithm as for storage node with three heartbeats missed causing failure) it is declared down and all ongoing transactions will be completed and all resources will be released and the MySQL server cannot reconnect until the completion of all activities started by the previous MySQL instance has been completed. The default interval is 1500 milliseconds. This interval can be different in the storage node because each storage node independently of all other storage nodes watches the MySQL servers connected to it.
[DB]TimeBetweenLocalCheckpoints: This parameter is an exception in that it doesn't state any time to wait before starting a new local checkpoint. This parameter is used to ensure that in a cluster where not so many updates are taking place that we don't perform local checkpoints. In most clusters with high update rates it is likely that a new local checkpoint is started immediately after the previous was completed. The size of all write operations executed since the start of the previous local checkpoints is added. This parameter is specified as the logarithm of the number of words. So the default value 20 means 4MB of write operations, 21 would mean 8MB and so forth up until the maximum value 31 which means 8GB of write operations. All the write operations in the cluster are added together. Setting it to 6 or lower means that local checkpoints will execute continuosly without any wait between them independent of the workload in the cluster.
[DB]TimeBetweenGlobalCheckpoints: When a transaction is committed it is committed in main memory in all nodes where mirrors of the data existed. The log records of the transaction are not forced to disk as part of the commit however. The reasoning here is that having the transaction safely committed in at least two independent computers should be meeting standards of durability. At the same time it is also important to ensure that even the worst of cases when the cluster completely crashes is handled properly. To ensure this all transactions in a certain interval is put into a global checkpoint. A global checkpoint is very similar to a grouped commit of transactions. An entire group of transactions is sent to disk. Thus as part of the commit the transaction was put into a global checkpoint group. Later this groups log records are forced to disk and then the entire group of transaction is safely committed also on all computers disk storage as well. This parameter states the interval between global checkpoints. The default time is 2000 milliseconds.
[DB]TimeBetweenInactiveTransactionAbortCheck: Time-out handling is performed by checking each timer on each transaction every period of time in accordance with this parameter. Thus if this parameter is set to 1000 milliseconds, then every transaction will be checked for timeout once every second. The default for this parameter is 1000 milliseconds (1 second).
[DB]TransactionInactiveTimeout: If the transaction is currently not performing any queries but is waiting for further user input, this parameter states the maximum time that the user can wait before the transaction is aborted. The default for this parameter is no timeout. For a real-time database that needs to control that no transaction keeps locks for a too long time this parameter should be set to a much smaller value. The unit is milliseconds.
[DB]TransactionDeadlockDetectionTimeout: When a transactioon is involved in executing a query it waits for other nodes. If the other nodes doesn't respond it could depend on three things. First, the node could be dead, second the operation could have entered a lock queue and finally the node requested to perform the action could be heavily overloaded. This timeout parameter states how long the transaction coordinator will wait until it aborts the transaction when waiting for query execution of another node. Thus this parameter is important both for node failure handling and for deadlock detection. Setting it too high would cause a non-desirable behavior at deadlocks and node failures. The default time out is 1200 milliseconds (1.2 seconds).
[DB]NoOfDiskPagesToDiskAfterRestartTUP: When executing a local checkpoint the algorithm sends all data pages to disk during the local checkpoint. Simply sending them there as quickly as possible will cause unnecessary load on both processors, networks, and disks. Thus to control the write speed this parameter specifies how many pages per 100 milliseconds is to be written. A page is here defined as 8KB. The unit this parameter is specified in is thus 80KB per second. So setting it to 20 means writing 1.6MB of data pages to disk per second during a local checkpoint. Also writing of UNDO log records for data pages is part of this sum. Writing of index pages (see IndexMemory to understand what index pages are used for) and their UNDO log records is handled by the parameter NoOfDiskPagesToDiskAfterRestartACC. This parameter handles the limitation of writes from the DataMemory. So this parameter specifies how quickly local checkpoints will be executed. This parameter is important in connection with NoOfFragmentLogFiles, DataMemory, IndexMemory. The default value is 40 (3.2MB of data pages per second).
[DB]NoOfDiskPagesToDiskAfterRestartACC: This parameter has the same unit as NoOfDiskPagesToDiskAfterRestartTUP but limits the speed of writing index pages from IndexMemory. The default value of this parameter is 20 (1.6MB per second).
[DB]NoOfDiskPagesToDiskDuringRestartTUP: This parameter specifies the same things as NoOfDiskPagesToDiskAfterRestartTUP and NoOfDiskPagesToDiskAfterRestartACC, only it does it for local checkpoints executed in the node as part of a local checkpoint when the node is restarting. As part of all node restarts a local checkpoint is always performed. Since during a node restart it is possible to use a higher speed of writing to disk because fewer activities are performed in the node due to the restart phase. This parameter handles the DataMemory part. The default value is 40 (3.2MB per second).
[DB]NoOfDiskPagesToDiskDuringRestartACC: During Restart for IndexMemory part of local checkpoint. The default value is 20 (1.6MB per second).
[DB]ArbitrationTimeout: This parameter specifies the time that the storage node will wait for a response from the arbitrator when sending an arbitration message in the case of a split network. The default value is 1000 milliseconds (1 second).

A number of new configuration parameters were introduced in MySQL 4.1.5. These correspond to values that previously were compile time parameters. The main reason for this is to enable the advanced user to have more control of the size of the process and adjust various buffer sizes according to his needs.

All of these buffers are used as front-ends to the file system when writing log records of various kinds to disk. If the node runs with Diskless then these parameters can most definitely be set to their minimum values because all disk writes are faked as okay by the file system abstraction layer in the NDB storage engine.

[DB]UndoIndexBuffer: This buffer is used during local checkpoints. The NDB storage engine uses a recovery scheme based on a consistent checkpoint together with an operational REDO log. In order to produce a consistent checkpoint without blocking the entire system for writes, UNDO logging is done while performing the local checkpoint. The UNDO logging is only activated on one fragment of one table at a time. This optimization is possible because tables are entirely stored in main memory. This buffer is used for the updates on the primary key hash index. Inserts and deletes rearrange the hash index and the NDB storage engine writes UNDO log records that map all physical changes to an index page such that they can be undone at a system restart. It also logs all active insert operations at the start of a local checkpoint for the fragment. Reads and updates only set lock bits and update a header in the hash index entry. These changes are handled by the page write algorithm to ensure that these operations need no UNDO logging. This buffer is 2MB by default. The minimum value is 1MB. For most applications this is good enough. Applications doing extremely heavy inserts and deletes together with large transactions using large primary keys might need to extend this buffer. If this buffer is too small, the NDB storage engine issues the internal error code 677 which will be translated into "Index UNDO buffers overloaded".
[DB]UndoDataBuffer: This buffer has exactly the same role as the UndoIndexBuffer but is used for the data part. This buffer is used during local checkpoint of a fragment and inserts, deletes, and updates use the buffer. Since these UNDO log entries tend to be bigger and more things are logged, the buffer is also bigger by default. It is set to 16MB by default. For some applications this might be too conservative and they might want to decrease this size, the minimum size is 1MB. It should be rare that applications need to increase this buffer size. If there is a need for this it is a good idea to check if the disks can actually handle the load that the update activity in the database causes. If they cannot then no size of this buffer will be big enough. If this buffer is too small and gets congested, the NDB storage engine issues the internal error code 891 which will be translated to "Data UNDO buffers overloaded".
[DB]RedoBuffer: All update activities also need to be logged. This enables a replay of these updates at system restart. The recovery algorithm uses a consistent checkpoint produced by a "fuzzy" checkpoint of the data together with UNDO logging of the pages. Then it applies the REDO log to play back all changes up until the time that will be restored in the system restart. This buffer is 8MB by default. The minimum value is 1MB. If this buffer is too small, the NDB storage engine issues the internal error code 1221 which will be translated into "REDO log buffers overloaded".

For cluster management, it is important to be able to control the amount of log messages sent to stdout for various event types. The possible events will be listed in this manual soon. There are 16 levels possible from level 0 to level 15. Setting event reporting to level 15 means receiving all event reports of that category and setting it to 0 means getting no event reports in that category.

The reason why most defaults are set to 0 and thus not causing any output to stdout is that the same message is sent to the cluster log in the management server. Only the startup message is by default generated to stdout.

A similar set of levels can be set in management client to define what levels to record in the cluster log.

[DB]LogLevelStartup: Events generated during startup of the process. The default level is 1.
[DB]LogLevelShutdown: Events generated as part of graceful shutdown of a node. The default level is 0.
[DB]LogLevelStatistic: Statistical events such as how many primary key reads, updates, inserts and many other statistical information of buffer usage, and so forth. The default level is 0.
[DB]LogLevelCheckpoint: Events generated by local and global checkpoints. The default level is 0.
[DB]LogLevelNodeRestart: Events generated during node restart. The default level is 0.
[DB]LogLevelConnection: Events generated by connections between nodes in the cluster. The default level is 0.
[DB]LogLevelError: Events generated by errors and warnings in the cluster. These are errors not causing a node failure but still considered worth reporting. The default level is 0.
[DB]LogLevelInfo: Events generated for information about state of cluster and so forth. The default level is 0.

There is a set of parameters defining memory buffers that are set aside for online backup execution.

[DB]BackupDataBufferSize: When executing a backup there are two buffers used for sending data to the disk. This buffer is used to fill in data recorded by scanning the tables in the node. When filling this to a certain level the pages are sent to disk. This level is specified by the BackupWriteSize parameter. When sending data to the disk, the backup can continue filling this buffer until it runs out of buffer space. When running out of buffer space, it will simply stop the scan and wait until some disk writes return and thus free up memory buffers to use for further scanning. The default value is 2MB.
[DB]BackupLogBufferSize: This parameter has a similar role but instead used for writing a log of all writes to the tables during execution of the backup. The same principles apply for writing those pages as for BackupDataBufferSize except that when this part runs out of buffer space, it causes the backup to fail due to lack of backup buffers. Thus the size of this buffer must be big enough to handle the load caused by write activities during the backup execution. The default parameter should be big enough. Actually it is more likely that a backup failure is caused by a disk not able to write as quickly as it should. If the disk subsystem is not dimensioned for the write load caused by the applications this will create a cluster which will have great difficulties to perform the desired actions. It is important to dimension the nodes in such a manner that the processors becomes the bottleneck rather than the disks or the network connections. The default value is 2MB.
[DB]BackupMemory: This parameter is simply the sum of the two previous, the BackupDataBufferSize and BackupLogBufferSize. The default value is 4MB.
[DB]BackupWriteSize: This parameter specifies the size of the write messages to disk for the log and data buffer used for backups. The default value is 32KB.

16.3.4.6 Defining the MySQL Servers for a MySQL Cluster

The [API] section (with its alias [MYSQLD]) defines the behavior of the MySQL server. No parameter is mandatory. If no computer or host name is provided, then any host can use this API node.

[API]Id: This identity is the node ID used as the address of the node in all cluster internal messages. This is an integer between 1 and 63. Each node in the cluster must have a unique identity.
[API]ExecuteOnComputer: This is referring to one of the computers defined in the computer section.
[API]ArbitrationRank: This parameter is used to define which nodes can act as an arbitrator. MGM nodes and API nodes can be arbitrators. 0 means it isn't used as arbitrator, 1 high priority and 2 low priority. A normal configuration uses the management server as arbitrator setting the ArbitrationRank to 1 (which is the default) and setting all APIs to 0.
[API]ArbitrationDelay: If setting this to anything else than 0 it means that the management server will delay responses to the arbitration requests. Default is no delay and this should not be necessary to change.
[API]BatchByteSize: For queries that get translated into full table scans or range scans on indexes, it is important for best performance to fetch records in properly sized batches. It is possible to set the proper size both in terms of number of records and in terms of bytes. Real batch size will be limited by both parameters. Performance of queries can vary more than 40% due to how this parameter is set. In future releases, the MySQL Server will make educated guesses on what to set these parameters to, based on the query type. This parameter is measured in bytes and is by default equal to 32KB.
[API]BatchSize: This parameter is measured in number of records and is by default set to 64. The maximum size is 992.
[API]MaxScanBatchSize: The batch size is the size of each batch sent from each storage node. Most scans are performed in parallel so to protect the MySQL Server from getting too much data from many nodes in parallel, this parameter sets a limit to the total batch size over all nodes. The default value of this parameter is set to 256KB. Its maximum size is 16MB.

16.3.4.7 MySQL Cluster TCP/IP Connections

TCP/IP is the default transport mechanism for establishing connections in MySQL Cluster. It is actually not necessary to define any connection because there will be a one connection setup between each of the storage nodes, between each storage node, and all MySQL server nodes and between each storage node and the management server.

It is only necessary to define a connection if it is necessary to change the default values of the connection. In that case it is necessary to define at least NodeId1, NodeId2 and the parameters to change.

It is also possible to change the default values by setting the parameters in the [TCP DEFAULT] section.

[TCP]NodeId1
[TCP]NodeId2: To identify a connection between two nodes it is necessary to provide the node identity for both of them in NodeId1 and NodeId2.
[TCP]SendBufferMemory: TCP transporters use a buffer all messages before performing the send call to the operating system. When this buffer reaches 64KB it sends the buffer, the buffer is also sent when a round of messages have been executed. To handle temporary overload situations it is also possible to define a bigger send buffer. The default size of the send buffer is 256KB.
[TCP]SendSignalId: To be able to retrace a distributed message diagram it is necessary to identify each message with an identity. By setting this parameter to Y these message identities are also transported over the network. This feature is not enabled by default.
[TCP]Checksum: This parameter is also a Y/N parameter which is not enabled by default. When enabled all messages are checksummed before put into the send buffer. This feature enables control that messages are not corrupted while waiting in the send buffer. It is also a double check that the transport mechanism haven't corrupted the data.
[TCP]PortNumber: This is the port number to use for listening to connections from other nodes. This port number should be specified in the [TCP DEFAULT] section normally. This parameter should no longer be used. Use the parameter ServerPort on storage nodes instead.
[TCP]ReceiveBufferMemory: This parameter specifies the size of the buffer used when receiving data from the TCP/IP socket. There is seldom any need to change this parameter from its default value of 64KB. One possible reason could be to save memory.

16.3.4.8 MySQL Cluster Shared-Memory Connections

Shared memory segments are currently supported only for special builds of MySQL Cluster using the configure parameter --with-ndb-shm. Its implementation will most likely change. When defining shared memory as the connection method it is necessary to define at least NodeId1, NodeId2 and ShmKey. All other parameters have default values that will work out fine in most cases.

[SHM]NodeId1
[SHM]NodeId2: To identify a connection between two nodes it is necessary to provide the node identity for both of them in NodeId1 and NodeId2.
[SHM]ShmKey: When setting up shared memory segments an identifier is used to uniquely identify the shared memory segment to use for the communication. This is an integer which does not have a default value.
[SHM]ShmSize: Each connection has a shared memory segment where messages between the nodes are put by the sender and read by the reader. This segment has a size defined by this parameter. Default value is 1MB.
[SHM]SendSignalId: To be able to retrace a distributed message diagram it is necessary to identify each message with an identity. By setting this parameter to Y these message identities are also transported over the network. This feature is not enabled by default.
[SHM]Checksum: This parameter is also a Y/N parameter which is not enabled by default. When enabled all messages are checksummed before put into the send buffer. This feature enables control that messages are not corrupted while waiting in the send buffer. It is also a double check that the transport mechanism haven't corrupted the data.

16.3.4.9 MySQL Cluster SCI Transport Connections

SCI Transporters as connection between nodes in the MySQL Cluster is only supported for special builds of MySQL Cluster using the configure parameter --with-ndb-sci=/your/path/to/SCI. The path should point to a directory that contains at least a lib and a include directory where SISCI libraries and header files are provided.

It is strongly recommended to only use SCI Transporters for communication between ndbd processes. Also using SCI Transporters will mean that the ndbd process will never sleep so use SCI Transporters only for machines with at least 2 CPU's which are dedicated for use by ndbd process(es). There should be at least 1 CPU per ndbd process in this case and in addition at least one more is needed to also handle OS activities.

[SCI]NodeId1
[SCI]NodeId2: To identify a connection between two nodes it is necessary to provide the node identity for both of them in NodeId1 and NodeId2.
[SCI]Host1SciId0: This identifies the SCI node id on the first node identified by NodeId1.
[SCI]Host1SciId1: It is possible to set-up SCI Transporters for fail-over between two SCI cards which then should use separate networks between the nodes. This identifies the node id and the second SCI card to be used on the first node.
[SCI]Host2SciId0: This identifies the SCI node id on the second node identified by NodeId2.
[SCI]Host2SciId1: It is possible to set-up SCI Transporters for fail-over between two SCI cards which then should use separate networks between the nodes. This identifies the node id and the second SCI card to be used on the second node.
[SCI]SharedBufferSize: Each SCI transporter has a shared memory segment between the two nodes. With this segment set to the default 1 MB most applications should be ok. Smaller sizes such as 256 kB has problems when performing many parallel inserts. If the buffer is too small it can cause crashes of the ndbd process.
[SCI]SendLimit: A small buffer in front of the SCI media buffers up messages before sending them over the SCI network. By default this is set to 8kB. Most benchmark measurements shows that tops are reached at 64 kB but 16kB reaches within a few percent of the performance and for all MySQL Cluster benchmarks it was no measurable difference in increasing it beyond 8kB.
[SCI]SendSignalId: To be able to retrace a distributed message diagram it is necessary to identify each message with an identity. By setting this parameter to Y these message identities are also transported over the network. This feature is not enabled by default.
[SCI]Checksum: This parameter is also a Y/N parameter which is not enabled by default. When enabled all messages are checksummed before put into the send buffer. This feature enables control that messages are not corrupted while waiting in the send buffer. It is also a double check that the transport mechanism haven't corrupted the data.

16.4 Process Management in MySQL Cluster

There are four processes that are important to know about when using MySQL Cluster. We will cover how to work with those processes, which options to use when starting and so forth.

16.4.1 MySQL Server Process Usage for MySQL Cluster

mysqld is the traditional MySQL server process. To be used with MySQL Cluster it needs to be built with support for the NDB Cluster storage engine. If the mysqld binary has been built in such a manner, the NDB Cluster storage engine is still disabled by default.

To enable the NDB Cluster storage engine there are two ways. Either use --ndbcluster as a startup option when starting mysqld or insert a line with ndbcluster in the [mysqld] section of your `my.cnf' file. An easy way to verify that your server runs with support for the NDB Cluster storage engine is to issue the command SHOW ENGINES from a mysql client. You should see YES for the row listing NDBCLUSTER. If you see NO, you are not running a mysqld that is compiled with NDB Cluster support enabled. If you see DISABLED, then you need to enable it in the `my.cnf' configuration file.

The MySQL server needs to know how to get the configuration of the cluster. To access this configuration, it needs to know three things:

Its own node ID in the cluster.
The hostname (or IP address) where the management server resides.
The port on which it can connect to the management server.

The node ID can be skipped from MySQL 4.1.5 on, because a node ID can be dynamically allocated.

The mysqld parameter ndb-connectstring is used to specify the connectstring either when starting mysqld or in `my.cnf'. See also section 16.3.4.2 The MySQL Cluster connectstring for more info on connectstrings.

shell> mysqld --ndb-connectstring=ndb_mgmd.mysql.com:1186

ndb_mgmd.mysql.com is the host where the management server resides, and it is listening to port 1186.

With this setup the MySQL server will be a full citizen of MySQL Cluster and will be fully aware of all storage nodes in the cluster and their status. It will setup connection to all storage nodes and will be able to use any storage node as a transaction coordinator and to access their data for reading and updating.

16.4.2 `ndbd`, the Storage Engine Node Process

ndbd is the process that is used to handle all the data in the tables using the NDB Cluster storage engine. This is the process that contains all the logic of distributed transaction handling, node recovery, checkpointing to disk, online backup, and lots of other functionality.

In a cluster there is a set of ndbd processes cooperating in handling the data. These processes can execute on the same computer or on different computers, in a completely configurable manner.

Before MySQL 4.1.5, ndbd process should start from a separate directory. The reason for this was that ndbd generates a set of log files in its starting directory.

In MySQL 4.1.5, this was changed such that the files are placed in the directory specified by DataDir in the configuration file. Thus ndbd can be started from anywhere.

These log files are (the 2 is the node ID):

ndb_2_error.log (was `error.log' in version 4.1.3) is a file that contains information of all the crashes which the ndbd process has encountered and a smaller error string and reference to a trace file for this crash. An entry could like this:

Date/Time: Saturday 31 January 2004 - 00:20:01
Type of error: error
Message: Internal program error (failed ndbrequire)
Fault ID: 2341
Problem data: DbtupFixAlloc.cpp
Object of reference: DBTUP (Line: 173)
ProgramName: NDB Kernel
ProcessID: 14909
TraceFile: ndb_2_trace.log.2
***EOM***

`ndb_2_trace.log.1' (was `NDB_TraceFile_1.trace' in version 4.1.3) is a trace file describing exactly what happened before the error occurred. This information is useful for the MySQL Cluster team when analysing any bugs occurring in MySQL Cluster. The information in this file will be described in the section MySQL Cluster Troubleshooting. There can be a configurable number of those trace files in the directory before old files are overwritten. 1 in this context is simply the number of the trace file.
`ndb_2_trace.log.next' (was `NextTraceFileNo.log' in version 4.1.3) is the file that keeps track of what the next trace file number is to be.
`ndb_2_out.log' is the file which contains any data printed by the ndbd process. 2 in this context is the node ID. (this file only applies if ndbd is started in dameon mode which is default from 4.1.5, was `node2.out' in version 4.1.3)
`ndb_2.pid' is a file containing the process id of the ndbd when started as a daemon (default from 4.1.5 and named `node2.pid' in version 4.1.3). It also functions as a lock file to avoid the starting of nodes with the same id.
`ndb_2_signal.log' (was `Signal.log' in version 4.1.3) is a file which is only used in debug versions of ndbd where it is possible to trace all incoming, outgoing and internal messages with their data in the ndbd process.

It is recommended to not use a directory mounted through NFS because in some environments that can cause problems with the lock on the pid-file remaining even after the process has stopped.

Also when starting the ndbd process it may be necessary to specify the hostname of the management server and the port it is listening to, optionally one may specify node ID the process is to use, see section 16.3.4.2 The MySQL Cluster connectstring.

shell> ndbd --connect-string="nodeid=2;host=ndb_mgmd.mysql.com:1186"

When ndbd starts it will actually start two processes. The starting process is called the "angel" and its only job is to discover when the execution process has completed, and then restart the ndbd process if configured to do so. Thus if one attempts to kill ndbd through the kill command in Unix, it is necessary to kill both processes. A more proper way to handle the stopping of ndbd processes is to use the management client and stop the process from there.

The execution process uses one thread for all activities in reading, writing, and scanning data and all other activities. This thread is designed with asynchronous programming so it can easily handle thousands of concurrent activites. In addition there is a watch-dog thread supervising the execution thread to ensure it doesn't stop in an eternal loop or other problem. There is a pool of threads handling file I/O. Each thread can handle one open file. In addition threads can be used for connection activities of the transporters in the ndbd process. Thus in a system that performs a large number of activities including update activities the ndbd process will consume up to about 2 CPUs if allowed to. Thus in a large SMP box with many CPUs it is recommended to use several ndbd processes which are configured to be part of different node groups.

16.4.3 `ndb_mgmd`, the Management Server Process

The management server is the process that reads the configuration file of the cluster and distributes this information to all nodes in the cluster requesting it. It also maintains the log of cluster activities. Management clients can connect to the management server and use commands to check status of the cluster in various aspects.

As of MySQL 4.1.5, it is no longer necessary to specify a connectstring when starting the management server. However, if you are using several management servers, a connectstring should be provided and each node in the cluster should specify its nodeid explicitly.

The following files are created or used by ndb_mgmd in its starting directory of ndb_mgmd. From MySQL 4.1.5, the log and PID files will be placed in the DataDir specified in the configuration file:

`config.ini' is the configuration file of the cluster. This is created by the user and read by the management server. How to write this file is described in the section MySQL Cluster Configuration.
`ndb_1_cluster.log' (was `cluster.log' in version 4.1.3) is the file where events in the cluster are reported. Examples of events are checkpoints started and completed, node failures and nodes starting, levels of memory usage passed and so forth. The events reported are described in the section section 16.5 Management of MySQL Cluster.
`ndb_1_out.log' (was `node1.out' in version 4.1.3) is the file used for stdout and stderr when executing the management server as a daemon process. 1 in this context is the node ID.
`ndb_1.pid' (was `node1.pid' in version 4.1.3) is the PID file used when executing the management server as a daemon process. 1 in this context is the node ID.
`ndb_1_cluster.log.1' (was `cluster.log.1' in version 4.1.3) when the cluster log becomes bigger than one million bytes then the file is renamed to this name where 1 is the number of the cluster log file, so if 1, 2, and 3 already exists the next will be having the number 4 instead.

16.4.4 `ndb_mgm`, the Management Client Process

The final important process to know about is the management client. This process is not needed to run the cluster. Its value lies in its ability to check status of the cluster, start backups, and perform other management activities. It does so by providing access to a set of commands.

Actually the management client is using a C API that is used to access the management server so for advanced users it is also possible to program dedicated management processes which can do similar things as the management client can do.

When starting the management client, it is necessary to state the hostname and port of the management server as in the example below. The default is localhost as host and port number 1186 (was 2200 prior to version 4.1.8).

shell> ndb_mgm localhost 1186

16.4.5 Command Options for MySQL Cluster Processes

All MySQL Cluster executables (except mysqld) takes the following options as of 4.1.8. If you're running an earlier version please read carefully, as we have made changes in some of these switches in order to make them consistent between the different executables and with mysqld. (For example: -V was -v in earlier versions.) Note also that you can use the -? option to see what is supported in your version.

-?, --usage, --help

Prints a short description of the available command options.

-V, --version

Prints the version number of the ndbd process. The version number is the MySQL Cluster version number. It is important because at startup the MySQL Cluster processes verifies that the versions of the processes in the cluster can co-exist in the cluster. It is also important for online software upgrade of MySQL Cluster (see section Software Upgrade of MySQL Cluster).

-c connect_string (not ndb_mgmd), --connect-string connect_string

Set the connect string to the management server as a command option. (for backwards compatability reasons the ndb_mgmd does not take the -c option until 5.0, as it currently specifies the config file). Available with ndb_mgm from 4.1.8.

shell> ndbd --connect-string="nodeid=2;host=ndb_mgmd.mysql.com:1186"

--debug[=options]

This can only be used for versions compiled with debug information. It is used to enable printouts from debug calls in the same manner as for the mysqld process.

16.4.5.1 MySQL Cluster-Related Command Options for `mysqld`

--ndbcluster: If the binary includes support for the NDB Cluster storage engine the default disabling of support for the NDB storage engine can be overruled by using this option. Using the NDB Cluster storage engine is necessary for using MySQL Cluster.
--skip-ndbcluster: Disable the NDB Cluster storage engine. This is disabled by default for binaries where it is included. So this option only applies if the server was configured to use the NDB Cluster storage engine.
--ndb-connectstring=connect_string: When using the NDB storage engine, it is possible to point out the management server that distributes the cluster configuration by setting the connect string option.

16.4.5.2 Command Options for `ndbd`

For common options see section 16.4.5 Command Options for MySQL Cluster Processes.

-d, --daemon: Instructs ndbd to execute as a daemon process. From MySQL 4.1.5 on, this is the default behavior.
--nodaemon: Instructs ndbd not to start as a daemon process. Useful when ndbd is debugged and one wants printouts on the screen.
--initial: Instructs ndbd to perform an initial start. An initial start will erase any files created by earlier ndbd instances for recovery. It will also recreate recovery log files which on some operating systems can take a substantial amount of time. An initial start is only to be used at the very first start of the ndbd process. It removes all files from the file system and creates all REDO log files. When performing a software upgrade which has changed the file contents on any files it is also necessary to use this option when restarting the node with a new software version of ndbd. Finally it could also be used as a final resort if for some reason the node restart or system restart doesn't work. In this case be aware that destroying the contents of the file system means that this node can no longer be used to restore data. This option does not affect any backup files created. The previous possibility to use -i for this option was removed to ensure that this option is not used by mistake.
--nostart: Instructs ndbd not to automatically start. ndbd will connect to the management server and get the configuration and initialise communication objects. It will not start the execution engine until requested to do so by the management server. The management server can request by command issued by the management client.

16.4.5.3 Command Options for `ndb_mgmd`

For common options see section 16.4.5 Command Options for MySQL Cluster Processes.

-f filename (from 4.1.8), --config-file=filename, -c filename (obsolete from 5.0): Instructs the management server which file to use as configuration file. This option must be specified. The file name defaults to config.ini.
-d, --daemon: Instructs ndb_mgmd to start as a daemon process. This is the default behavior.
-nodaemon: Instructs the management server not to start as a daemon process.

16.4.5.4 Command Options for `ndb_mgm`

For common options see section 16.4.5 Command Options for MySQL Cluster Processes.

[host_name [port_num]]: To start the management client it is necessary to specify where the management server resides. This means specifying the hostname and the port. The default hostname is localhost and the default port is 1186 (was 2200 prior to version 4.1.8).
--try-reconnect=number: If the connection to the management server is broken it is possible to perform only a specified amount of retries before reporting a fault code to the user. The default is that it keeps retrying every 5 seconds until it succeeds.

IPEOS

Sections

Personal tools

- Services

- support

- Firm

manual_NDBCluster.html

Document Actions

16 MySQL Cluster

16.1 MySQL Cluster Overview

16.2 Basic MySQL Cluster Concepts

16.3 MySQL Cluster Configuration

16.3.1 Building from Source Code

16.3.2 Installing the Software

16.3.3 Quick Test Setup of MySQL Cluster

16.3.4 Configuration File

16.3.4.1 Example Configuration for a MySQL Cluster

16.3.4.2 The MySQL Cluster `connectstring`

16.3.4.3 Defining the Computers Making up a MySQL Cluster

16.3.4.4 Defining the MySQL Cluster Management Server

16.3.4.5 Defining MySQL Cluster Storage Nodes

16.3.4.6 Defining the MySQL Servers for a MySQL Cluster

16.3.4.7 MySQL Cluster TCP/IP Connections

16.3.4.8 MySQL Cluster Shared-Memory Connections

16.3.4.9 MySQL Cluster SCI Transport Connections

16.4 Process Management in MySQL Cluster

16.4.1 MySQL Server Process Usage for MySQL Cluster

16.4.2 `ndbd`, the Storage Engine Node Process

16.4.3 `ndb_mgmd`, the Management Server Process

16.4.4 `ndb_mgm`, the Management Client Process

16.4.5 Command Options for MySQL Cluster Processes

16.4.5.1 MySQL Cluster-Related Command Options for `mysqld`

16.4.5.2 Command Options for `ndbd`

16.4.5.3 Command Options for `ndb_mgmd`

16.4.5.4 Command Options for `ndb_mgm`

16.5 Mana